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Introduction: There is limited information on the stones of the urinary tract in infants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible signs ,symptoms and risk factors of urinary stones and evaluation of vitamin D hypervitaminosis as a risk factor of diagnosed cases with urolithiasis in infants 2 months to 2 years old.this is a case-control study, which 41 infants with urolithiasis (age range, 2 to 24 months) were enrolled as well as 41 age- and sex-matched infants without urolithiasis.urine samples were done to evaluate urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid, phosphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium and creatinine and a urine sample was taken for testing Cyanide Nitroproxide . Blood tests including calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, 25 - hydroxy vitamin D3, PTH and blood gases were investigated.Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were significantly higher in the infants with urolithiasis than in the controls (27.38 ±10.66 ng/mL versus 18.34 ± 8.73 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In case group, hypocitraturia and hypercalciuria were detected in 30.9 % and 21.95 % of cases respectively and there were no Hyperoxalouria, Hypomangensuria and Hyperuriocosiuria. At least one urinary metabolic abnormalities in %09.56cases were identified. Based on our findings the vitamin D3 administration maybe significantly important to induce renal stone.The urinary levels of citrate and family history of the patients are predisposing factors.
Keywords:Vitamin D3, Urolithiasis, Risk Factors, Infant.

This work aimed to investigate impacts of Lead (Pb) toxicity and role of Calcium (Ca) in improving fish health. Also, the role of Glutathion reductase (GR), Glutathion peroxidase (GPX) and Metalothionein (MT) as biomarkers were evaluated. In order to perform this work 270 Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) were acclimated in glass aquarium. 180 O. niloticus were subjected to different Pb concentration to detect LC50 which was 170 mg. l-1. 90 O. niloticus were divided into 6 groups each had 3 replicates 1st control with no additives to water or ration, 2nd addition of 60 mg Calcium/kg ration, 3rd addition10% of LC50 Lead acetate to water, 4th addition 5% of LC50 lead acetate to water. 5th addition10% of LC50 Lead acetate to water plus 60 mg Calcium/kg ration, 6th addition5% of LC50 Lead acetate to water plus 60 mg Calcium/kg ration. Our results showed that O. niloticus exposed to 5, 10% had suffered from anaemic condition and Calcium addition to ration could relief such impacts. Also, GR, GPX, MT had significant role as biomarkers for Pb pollution. So it was recommended usage of Ca to remove Pb toxicity impacts.
Keywords: Lead, Biomarker, Calcium, Liver Enzyme, Oreochromis Niloticus.

Four different commercial vaccines of AI were evaluated in these study (VolVac® inactivated vaccine H5N2, VolVac® recombinant vaccine, Merial® inactivated vaccine H5N and Merial® recombinant vaccine) by serological and challenge tests under field condition and experimental trails. Egyptian HPAIV H5N1 (A_chicken_Egypt_11VIR4453-266_2010) used in challenge tests. Five broiler farms in Alexandria governorates used in field trail evaluation and the results indicated that the GM titers of the HI against AIV vaccine in the flocks (1, 2 & 3) vaccinated with recombinant and oil inactivated vaccine of (Merial®) were 7, 6 and 7.8 log 2, respectively, while in Flocks (4 & 5) vaccinated with recombinant and oil inactivated vaccine (VolVac®) were 5 & 5.1 log 2, respectively. Flocks (1, 2, & 3) revealed 70, 20, and 40 % protection respectively and flock (4 and 5) have 30 and 90 %, respectively.270 one day old commercial broiler chicks (obtained from local hatchery were reared on a floor pens and divided into 9 groups) used in experimental trail evaluation were vaccinated S/C route and infected by HPAIV H5N1 (A_chicken_Egypt_11VIR4453-266_2010) and the results showed that the highest HI titers either at 28 days or 35 days of age was recorded in group (1) vaccinated with recombinant Merial® 7.7 log 2 at 28 days and 7.8 log 2 at 35 days followed by group (7) vaccinated with inactivated vaccine Merail® 7.4 log 2 at 28 days and 7.5 log 2 at 35 days then group (2) vaccinated with recombinant and inactivated Merial® 6.8 log 2 at 28 days and 7.1 log 2 at 35 days. While, other groups vaccinated with recombinant and inactivated vaccine Volvac® or inactivated vaccine of Volvac® gave the lowest titers ranged from 4.2 - 2.7 log 2. The highest percent of protection after challenge was recorded in group (3) vaccinated with recombinant vaccine Volvac® (90%) followed by group (1) vaccinate with recombinant vaccine Merial® (70%), while, group (2) vaccinated with recombinant vaccine and inactivated Merial® and group (5) vaccinated with inactivated Volvac® gave the same protection percent (50%) and the lowest protection percent was reported in the groups (4, 6 & 7) it was 40, 30 and 14.2%, respectively.
Keywords: Avian Influenza, Serological, Vaccine, GM, Recombinant, Inactivated

The protective efficacy of the commercial alive attenuated anticoccidial vaccine (LivaCox® T) in broiler chickens was investigated by assessing protection against challenge with two different field strains of Eimeria tenella that were isolated from El-Behera and Matrouh governorates in Egypt. In a floor pen experiment, 90 one-day-old commercial broiler chicks were classified into six subgroups including vaccinated and non vaccinated non challenged subgroups. The chicks were vaccinated at one day old age and challenged on the 28th day of age with 104 sporulated oocysts of one of the two field strains of E.tenella. Our results indicated that live attenuated coccidial vaccine (LivaCox® T) induced acceptable degrees of protection in the birds infected with the two different strains of E. tenella. From results concluded that weight gain, FCR, mortality rate, lesion score, mucosal scraping score, dropping score and oocyst count were improved in vaccinated chicks with LivaCoxT® after challenge. And the results are better to EL-Behera isolate than Matrouh isolate.
Keywords: Efficacy, Livacox, Challenge, FCR, Oocyst, Protection

The involvement of leachate from open solid waste dumps in the contamination of ground water with heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria in Awka Nigeria was investigated. Leachate samples collected from two open solid waste dump site as well as ground water samples collected few distances away from the waste dump site were analysed for heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Model 205) was used to determine the heavy metals while standard culture and identification methods were used to isolate and identify the bacteria isolated.The following heavy metals were detected in the leachate and also in the ground water samples collected 50m and 100m away from the dump site and in concentrations close to that obtained in the leachate, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Lo, Fe, Ps, Hg and Zn. The potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from the leachate which were also isolated from ground water samples 50m and 100m away from the dump site include; Salmonella sp, Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp, Shigella sp, Clostridium sp, Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococcus aureus.
Keywords: Leachate, Heavy Metals Contamination, Ground Water.

The present preliminary study was aimed to assess the dug wells’ water quality in District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, for drinking and irrigation purposes. During study 11 water samples were collected from dug wells at different places and were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. The results of evaluated parameters were compared against the standard guideline values suggested for drinking and irrigation purposes. The parameters studied were pH, electrical conductivity, total solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, sodium, chlorides, nitrites, sulphate, potassium, carbonate and bicarbonate. The results showed that some of the water parameters for some sampled sites do not fall within the World Health Organization suggested permissible limits and should be treated before drinking. The chemical indices like Sodium Absorption Ratio, Sodium Percentage and Residual Sodium Carbonate qualify the water quality as excellent for agricultural practices. In order to recover and protect water quality, it is suggested that water quality should be assessed regularly. Agricultural run offs and domestic wastes should be treated properly before disposing off and the waste materials should be dumped to suitable sites.
Keywords: Parameters, Permissible Limits, River Panjkora, Water Quality.

Sickle cell syndrome due to mutations in the beta globin gene and replacement of the valine instead of glutamine in the 6th position is created. Valporic acid as the drug can induce fetal hemoglobin used in the treatment of disorders of hemoglobin. Studies in this area are limited and because of the high incidence of sickle cell disease and complications in the province, and to determine the effects of sodium valproate on increasing fetal hemoglobin in children Hormozgan province. We decided that assess the effect of sodium valproate to increase fetal hemoglobin in hormozgan province. In this clinical trial study, 100 children with sickle cell anemia in admitted to pediatrics hospital in Bandar Abbas were evaluated. Patients over 2 years and under 14 years with a normal physical examination and CBC, LFT natural enrolled. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Control group, who received hydroxyurea 15 mg/kg daily and test group in addition to hydroxyurea, received sodium valproate 15 mg/kg daily. The treatment duration was 3 months. At the end of study, CBC, LFT, HB-electrophoresis was requested and the effect of sodium valproate on the total and fetal hemoglobin were compared.The data analyzed by using the statistical software spss 16, descriptive statistics, and statistical tests T, pair T test and chi-square test. Test significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. The mean age of the patients in the test group was 2.9 ± 7.48 and in the control group was 2.9 ± 8.30 years. The age range varied from 3 years to 14 years.In this study, we found that in both groups, hemoglobin levels increased following the administration of hydroxyurea and increase in hemoglobin levels were higher after administration of sodium valproate in the test group (P<0.05). Average levels of total hemoglobin in both groups were not related with gender and age. Difference in hemoglobin level after treatment in patients with different types of sickle cell syndromes was not statistically significant. The results of this study showed that higher levels of fetal hemoglobin in the test group and fetal hemoglobin level decreased in the control group. The difference was statistically significant levels of fetal hemoglobin in both groups (P=0.02).The mean of hemoglobin F levels in both groups of patients was not associated with gender and age. In this study we found that fetal hemoglobin level after the administration of valproate sodium higher than in patients with Sß0 syndromes compared with other syndromes (P<0.05).the results of this study showed that an acid valporic may increase fetal hemoglobin levels and reduce the severity of symptoms in patients with sickle cell diseases. Given the high prevalence of sickle cell in our country and controversy in this field we recommend that design multi central and big studies for assess the effects of acid valporic and possible complications..
Keywords: Sickle Cell Diseases, Fetal Hemoglobin, Valporic Acid

Introduction: streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of bacteremia, bacterial pneumonia, and otitis media and the second most common cause of meningitis in children, next to Neisseria meningitides. Resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents among streptococcus pneumonia is becoming a Basic problem in worldwide and in Asia. The aim of our study was to determine prevalence of nasopharyngeal carrier of streptococcus pneumonia and their Risk factor and their antibiotic resistant pattern in children. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed from Jan 2012 to May 2013.402 Healthy children (ages, 1 to 6 years) attending day-care center in Bandarabbas city was studied. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected by sterile swaps and then inoculated on selective agar. After 24 h incubation, microbiological tests were performed and antimicrobial sensitivity tests were done. Results: of 402 children 197(49%) were boys and 205 children (51%) were girls and the mean age was 3.4 years. streptococcus pneumonia was recovered from 63 samples(15.7%). The rate of resistance to co-trimonazol 77.8% , Ampicillin 74.6% , erythromycin 84.1%,clindamycin 66%,oxacillin 73%,ceftriaxon 73% and Penicillin was 73%.the number of children in each day-care center was the only Risk factor for carrier status. Conclusion: in our study the rate of carriage of streptococcus pneumonia was 15.7% but this rate in other studies is different from 4.2% to 72%. Some of the difference among population may related to sampling or laboratory methodology.
Keywords: Streptococcus Pneumonia, Antibiotic –Resistant, Nasopharyngeal Carriage, Risk factors

The start of complementary feeding is a crucial period for the development of a child's proper dietary habits and readiness for eating other foods after first year of age. The starting time of complementary feeding, its type and characteristics, frequency of feeding, how to give it to infants, limitations and prohibitions, and the importance of food in the first and second years of life are important issues every parent should be familiar with when complementary feeding is started. Mothers’ insufficient knowledge about feeding, particularly complementary feeding, is a major contributor to malnutrition in Iran. Given the importance of nutrition in children under 2 years of age, this study aimed to assess the knowledge of mothers regarding nutrition for children younger than 2 years in the Tazian village of Bandar Abbas. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Studied population were the mothers with children less than 3 years old whom were covered by Tazian healthcare center in Bandar Abbas. Simple random sampling method was used. Cronbach's alpha tests were conducted to evaluate the reliability of the results. The results were acceptable (0.85). Data obtained from questionnaires were entered into SPSS 16 and were analyzed. Data analysis was conducted by the T-Test and ANOVA. Among 88 mothers with infants under 2 years of age who were enrolled in the study, 69.31% aged 20 to 35. In terms of education, 48% had education under diploma. 68% lived in owned houses, and 47.5% had only one child. Regarding knowledge, 38.1% had moderate knowledge, 76% knew the correct age to start complementary feeding, but 89% did not know that the best time for complementary feeding is after breast feeding. F-value for the comparison of knowledge in subgroups of age, education, and number were significant at the 0.001 level. The results showed that the highest level of knowledge was in the age group of 20 to 35 years, associate degree education, and lower number of children. The results of this study showed a significant relationship between mothers’ age, educational level, and number of children and their knowledge about complementary feeding. However, no significant relationship was found between the level of knowledge and residency status of the mothers.
Keywords: Rural Mother, Infant, Nutrition Supplement

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal disease which is caused by neurotoxins of the bacillus clostridium botulinum and affects the nervous system. In Iran, the most common form of botulism is foodborne botulism that occurs following consumption of the toxins secreted by the bacillus in foods that have not been heated properly. This is a case report of a new transmission way that has not been seen in other studies. Following consumption of saffron, a 4-month-old male infant had fever and lethargy in Bandar Abbas and was admitted to Children's Hospital. Patient had clinical signs and symptoms of botulism. Diagnosis was based on signs and symptoms of botulism and stool test. Botulism toxin was detected in patient’s stool. But before producing toxin antidote, the infant was discharged from the hospital with the personal consent of his parents. Serious training for general practitioners and specialists to quickly diagnose the disease based on clinical findings and educating the society about the risks this disease have for them and their children seems necessary.
Keywords: Botulism , Infant ,Saffron Consumption

Twelve (12) wearner rabbits of the same age and homogenous weight were randomly allotted to trial stem and leaf fractions of sweet potato (Ipomea batata) to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of rabbits fed on them. Proximate analysis of the forages were carried out using the AOAC (1990) method and the result showed that sweet potato leave (forage B) had a higher moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and Ash content ( 85.73,10.50, 4.50, 7.2, 10.75) than sweet potato leave (forage B) (78.50, 9.10, 4.00, 4.85,6.65). The phytochemical analysis of the forages was also carried out using the Harbourne (1998) method and the result indicated the presence of Alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and saponins in the forages. The rabbits were fed twice daily with a known amount of the forages and their feacal output noted. Statistical Analysis on food consumed, weight gain, food conversion ratio and digestibility showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the two treatments. From the result of this study, it was concluded that, although potato stem and leave showed good weight gain, it should not form a major food source for rabbits in the humid tropical environment in general and Awka area in particular
Keywords: Food Intake, Food Conversion ratio and Feacal Output.

The response of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in albino rats following oral administration of three Nigerian strains of Lactobacillus was investigated. Twenty albino rats weighing between 50g – 65g were grouped into five (groups BD, BM, BL1, BL2 and BL3) without bias. Three groups were orally dosed with the three strains of Lactobacillus each, while two groups received basal diet and sterile skimmed milk, respectively for six days. After which a post treatment period of ten days was allowed before blood samples were collected and analyzed for levels of ALP activity. The weights of the albino rats were also monitored throughout this period. Results indicated that groups BL1 and BL2 had higher levels of ALP activity than other groups, while the third test group (BL3) had the lowest level of ALP. Since the strains had been found to improve liver function in a previous study, the findings of the present study may not connote liver dysfunction given the fact that albino rats in their bone-forming stage of growth always have increased levels of ALP. The rate of increase in weights of albino rats within groups BL1 and BL2 was also highest throughout the study period which supports this explanation. The conclusion is that the use of albino rats in their bone-forming stage of growth could mask the effect of these strains on ALP.
Keywords: Probiotics, Lactobacillus, Albino rats, Serum Alkaline Phosphatase.

The aim of this study was to design and develop the high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint profile of various extracts of Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffry (Stem and Leaves). Chromatographic techniques were used for separation of components from different extracts of plant parts. HPTLC method for the separation of the active constituents in extracts has been developed on silica gel precoated aluminum plates of Merck by automatic TLC applicator and using suitable solvent system was performed and was present in present paper.
Keywords: HPTLC, Diplocyclos palmatus, Leaves, Stem

The study was carried out to assess the effect of ascorbic acid, proline and mannitol on the desiccation tolerance of synthetic seeds in Rhynchostylis retusa Bl. Synthetic seeds lost their viability after 20 weeks of storage at room temperature (25?C). However, a pre-treatment with ascorbic acid (15mM), proline (1.5µM), and mannitol (50mM) for 5 weeks prior to encapsulation favoured nearly 90% germination response even after 24 weeks of storage. Interestingly, the morphogenetic development under the influence of proline (1.5µM), was associated with extensive water retention in the propagules and profuse rhizoidal hair formation. The present study highlight that these osmoprotectants could play a pivotal role in imparting desiccation tolerance and in turn increasing the viability upon long term storage of synthetic seeds. The above protocol can serve as an aid to germplasm conservation and multiplication of Rhynchostylis retusa.
Keywords: Desiccation Tolerance, Germplasm Conservation, Synthetic Seeds, Rhynchostylis Retusa, Ascorbic Acid, Proline, Mannitol

The Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) located on chromosome 11q13 is a positive regulator of the cell cycle. It encodes a nuclear protein that plays an important role in the tumorigenesis of human cancers.To evaluate chromosome 11q13 aberration by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), and to correlate between chromosome 11q13 amplification, clinical staging and the histopathology grading of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). The study was carried out on 30 cases of (OSCC) patients presented to the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt. FISH was used to detect the amplification of cyclin D1. Statistical correlations of cyclin D1 with site and lymph node status were analyzed using the Fisher exact test. Positive amplification of cyclin D1 was detected in 26.7% of OSCCs. The relation between FISH and the demographic data of the patients as including age, sex, site of the tumor, lymph node involvement, clinical stage, and histological grade was not statistically significant. Cyclin D1 protein worked as an independent prognostic factor and can be used as a biomarker for the aggressiveness of OSCC.
Keywords: Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization, Aberration, 11q13, Chromosomal Aberration, Amplification.

The use of Aspergillus species and Penicillium species to produce cellulose enzymes from used GSM recharge card was investigated. Penicillium sp induced highest exoglucanase and ß-Glucosidase activity of 1.981 and 0.453 ?mole/ml respectively while Aspergillus species induced highest endoglucanase activity (0.573?mole/ml). Induction of the enzymes peaked at the 6th day of fermentation. An initial medium pH of 3 was optimum for the enzymes induction by both isolates excepting ß-Glucosidase for which pH 5 was optimum. The enzyme induction was highest with the 0.25mm particle size and lowest with the highest particle size of 2mm. The Zn2+ enhanced highest enzyme production while Mn2+ inhibited the induction of the enzymes. Inorganic nitrogen sources were better enzyme inducers than organic nitrogen. Ammonium Nitrate at 3g/L concentration gave the highest activity for the enzymes.
Keywords: GSM Recharge Cards, Utilization, Penicillium SP, Aspergillius SP.

A noble synthesis rout was developed in this study. MDMH was synthesized through a mild, rapid and one-pot reaction in solvent free conditions. The synthesized MDMH were characterized by 1H-NMR, IR and Mass analysis. Then MDMH was grafted onto cotton fabrics through new method and then screened them for their antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The results showed that these fabrics provided a powerful and rapid antibacterial activity against such bacteria after 24 and 48 hours whereas with bleach treatment, these fabrics showed no antibacterial activity. Finally, we showed that MDMH-grafted fabrics demonstrate potent and durable biocidal effects against Gramnegative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. . This feature can be used in hospital textiles where growth of these bacteria is abundant.
Keywords: MDMH, Antibacterial Activity, Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria

To compare the antioxidant and antiradical activity of Pistacia atlantica Desf leaf phenolic extracts in different subspecies, 3 Pistacia atlantica Desf. Subspecies male and female were selected, subsp. kurdica from Kordistan, subsp. mutica from west Azerbayjan and Subsp. cabulica from Kerman provinces of Iran in 2010. The leaves of these pistachios were collected, dried, grounded and then methanolic extracts prepared from these leaves. Total phenolic content were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu (F–C) method. Commonly methods, DPPH (with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), reducing power and scavenging capacity for radical nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide were used for evaluation of antioxidant capacity. Significant differences were found in phenolic content of leaves among various subspecies and there male and female trees, radical scavenging capacity percentage varied significantly among subspecies. Male trees in subspecies Kurdica with the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity in its leaves represents a valuable subspecies for procuring antioxidant phenolic compounds
Keywords: Pistacia atlantica Desf, leaves, Phenolic content, Antioxidant, Antiradical